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Reading & Writing · Craft and Structure~3 per testEasy tier
Text 1
Literary scholar James Morrison claims that Emily Dickinson's use of dashes in her poetry serves primarily as a visual element, creating spatial rhythm on the page that mimics the pauses in natural speech.
Text 2
Literary scholar Rachel Torres asserts that Dickinson's dashes function mainly as syntactic disruptions that force readers to reconsider the relationships between ideas, challenging conventional grammatical expectations rather than merely representing speech patterns.
Based on the texts, how would Torres most likely describe the view of the visual rhythm argument presented in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Torres focuses on syntactic disruption and challenging grammatical expectations as the main function, contrasting with Morrison's emphasis on visual rhythm and speech mimicry, suggesting she would view his interpretation as superficial.
Why the others are wrong
BTorres offers an alternative primary function rather than denying any connection to speech or visual elements; this exaggerates the disagreement.
CTorres presents a different main function for the dashes, so she would not describe Morrison's view as complementing her own understanding.
DCapitalization is not mentioned in either text, making it an uncommitted detail.
Question 2Easy
Text 1
Historian Maria Gonzales argues that urban gardens in nineteenth-century American cities served primarily aesthetic purposes. Wealthy residents cultivated ornamental flowers and decorative shrubs to beautify their neighborhoods and demonstrate their refined taste to visitors.
Text 2
Urban planning scholar James Chen contends that nineteenth-century city gardens fulfilled important practical functions. Residents grew vegetables and herbs to supplement their diets, particularly during economic downturns when food prices rose sharply.
Based on the texts, the authors of both texts would most likely agree on which statement?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Both authors discuss urban gardens in nineteenth-century American cities as important elements of residential life, though they disagree about whether the gardens served aesthetic or practical purposes. The statement that gardens were a significant feature is supported by both texts.
Why the others are wrong
BText 1 mentions wealthy residents, but Text 2 does not compare the value different social classes placed on gardens, so this cannot be a point of agreement.
CThis reflects only Gonzales's position in Text 1. Chen in Text 2 argues the opposite, that practical functions were important.
DNeither author claims gardens were essential to survival. Chen mentions supplementing diets, but this is not the same as being essential, and Gonzales focuses on aesthetic purposes entirely.
Question 3Easy
Text 1
Ecologist Maria Gonzalez has studied mycorrhizal networks, underground fungal systems that connect tree roots and allow nutrient exchange. In a recent paper, Gonzalez argues that these networks function as communication systems that enable trees to warn each other about insect attacks. When one tree is damaged by insects, it can send chemical signals through the network, prompting neighboring trees to increase their production of defensive compounds before the insects arrive.
Text 2
Mycorrhizal networks do facilitate nutrient transfer between trees, and there is evidence that chemical compounds move through these networks when trees are under stress. However, whether this constitutes intentional communication is unclear. The chemical signals that travel through mycorrhizal networks may simply be byproducts of a tree's stress response rather than deliberate warnings. More research is needed to determine if neighboring trees alter their defenses in response to these signals or if observed changes are coincidental.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 acknowledges that chemical signals move through the networks but questions whether this constitutes intentional communication and notes that more research is needed. This directly challenges Text 1's confident characterization of the networks as communication systems for warnings.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 does not redirect the function of the signals toward nutrient absorption. The author questions whether the signals serve a communication function at all, not what alternative function they might serve.
CThis is too extreme. Text 2 explicitly states that chemical compounds move through networks when trees are under stress, indicating that the networks do play some role in stress situations.
DText 2 does not make a definitive claim that trees increase defensive compounds independently. Instead, the author states that it is unclear whether changes in defenses are responses to signals or merely coincidental.
Question 4Easy
Text 1
Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio has studied patients with damage to brain regions involved in emotion processing. These patients often struggle to make everyday decisions despite having intact reasoning abilities. Damasio's research demonstrates that emotions are essential for rational decision making, as they provide the gut feelings that guide us toward beneficial choices.
Text 2
Emotions certainly influence decision making, but their role is more nuanced than simply guiding us to good choices. Research shows that emotions can both help and hinder decisions depending on the context. Strong emotions can lead to impulsive choices that prioritize immediate gratification over long-term benefits. Additionally, the relationship between emotion and reason is bidirectional: our rational assessments of situations shape our emotional responses just as emotions influence our reasoning. Effective decision making likely requires a balance between emotional input and deliberative thinking rather than reliance on emotions alone.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Text 2 states that emotions influence decisions but can both help and hinder them depending on context, and notes that strong emotions can lead to impulsive choices. The author emphasizes balance between emotional input and deliberative thinking rather than viewing emotions as consistently guiding beneficial choices.
Why the others are wrong
BText 2 emphasizes the need for balance between emotions and reasoning, not that emotions alone guide good decisions while reasoning interferes.
CText 2 discusses emotions in decision making generally and does not limit the discussion to financial decisions.
DText 2 emphasizes that emotions certainly influence decisions and discusses their significant role, not a negligible effect.
Question 5Easy
Text 1
Historian Maria Chen argues that the construction of the transcontinental railroad was primarily driven by economic motives, as entrepreneurs and investors sought profitable opportunities in connecting eastern markets with western resources.
Text 2
Historian David Park contends that while economic factors certainly played a role in the transcontinental railroad's development, the project was fundamentally motivated by the federal government's desire to assert national unity and political control over western territories during the post-Civil War era.
Based on the texts, how would Park most likely describe the view of the economic motivation argument presented in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Park explicitly states that economic factors 'played a role' but argues the project was 'fundamentally motivated' by political goals, indicating he views Chen's economic explanation as incomplete rather than wrong.
Why the others are wrong
APark acknowledges economic factors played a role, so he would not claim they were irrelevant; this overstates his disagreement with Chen.
CPark presents a different primary motivation than Chen, so he would not describe her view as one his research fully supports.
DNeither text discusses immigrant labor patterns, making this detail uncommitted by either author.
Question 6Easy
Text 1
Ecologist David Park has demonstrated that coral reefs provide critical habitat for juvenile fish species. His research in the Caribbean shows that young fish depend on the complex reef structures for shelter from predators during their vulnerable early life stages.
Text 2
Marine biologist Susan Torres focuses on how coral reefs protect coastal communities from storm damage. Her measurements indicate that healthy reefs reduce wave energy by up to 97 percent, preventing erosion and flooding in nearby human settlements.
Based on the texts, the authors of both texts would most likely agree on which statement?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Both authors agree that coral reefs provide significant benefits, though they focus on different beneficiaries. Park shows reefs benefit juvenile fish, while Torres shows they benefit coastal human communities. The broad statement that reefs provide important benefits captures their common ground.
Why the others are wrong
ANeither author makes a comparison between ecological and economic value, so this cannot be a point of agreement between them.
CThis represents only Park's emphasis on habitat provision. Torres focuses on storm protection for human communities, not on habitat functions.
DThis narrows Park's findings to an extreme degree that he does not claim, and it is unrelated to Torres's research on coastal protection.
Question 7Easy
**Text 1**
Literary critic Dr. Helen Morrison has examined the novels of Virginia Woolf. Morrison contends that Woolf's use of stream-of-consciousness narrative was primarily a technique for representing female psychological experience in a patriarchal society. This feminist reading positions Woolf's experimental style as inherently political, challenging traditional narrative forms that reflected male perspectives.
**Text 2**
Virginia Woolf's stream-of-consciousness technique certainly illuminates her characters' inner lives, including female characters navigating social constraints. However, Woolf applied this narrative approach to both male and female characters across her novels. Additionally, Woolf herself described her stylistic experiments as attempts to capture the fluidity of human consciousness generally, not exclusively female experience. While her work has feminist dimensions, her narrative technique served broader aesthetic and philosophical purposes.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 notes that Woolf applied stream-of-consciousness to both male and female characters and that she described it as capturing human consciousness generally. While acknowledging feminist dimensions, the author argues the technique served broader aesthetic and philosophical purposes beyond representing specifically female experience.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 acknowledges feminist dimensions in Woolf's work and mentions characters navigating social constraints, so the author would not claim no connection to gender.
CText 2 states Woolf used the technique across her novels, not exclusively in one work. This adds a false limitation.
DText 2 does not suggest Woolf reinforced traditional forms. The author questions the scope of the feminist interpretation but does not reverse Woolf's innovative stance.
Question 8Easy
Text 1
The rise of streaming platforms has fundamentally altered how audiences consume television content. Viewers now expect to watch entire seasons at once rather than waiting for weekly episodes. This shift to binge-watching has eliminated the cultural phenomenon of communal viewing experiences. Without shared weekly viewing schedules, audiences no longer gather to discuss episodes as they air, fundamentally changing the social nature of television.
Text 2
While streaming has changed viewing patterns, communal experiences around television have not disappeared but rather evolved. Online communities actively discuss new releases, and social media creates virtual gathering spaces where viewers share reactions in real time. Some streaming services have even returned to weekly release schedules for certain shows, recognizing the value of sustained engagement. The social aspect of television viewing has adapted to new technologies rather than vanishing entirely.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why C is right
Text 2 argues that communal television experiences have not disappeared but have evolved, taking new forms through online communities and social media. This directly challenges Text 1's claim that such experiences have been eliminated. Choice C accurately reflects this view of transformation rather than elimination.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 describes evolution and adaptation but does not claim streaming has made viewing more social than traditional television.
BText 2 mentions some services returning to weekly releases but does not explain the specific motivation as recreating broadcast conditions.
DText 2 acknowledges that streaming has changed viewing patterns, so it does not claim there has been no impact.
Question 9Easy
Text 1
Art historian Thomas Gray claims that Impressionist painters were motivated primarily by a desire to capture fleeting effects of light and atmosphere in outdoor settings, breaking from the studio-bound traditions of academic painting.
Text 2
Art historian Nicole Bernard contends that while interest in light effects was present, Impressionist painters were chiefly driven by a goal to legitimize everyday subjects as worthy of serious artistic treatment, challenging the academic hierarchy that privileged historical and mythological themes.
Based on the texts, how would Bernard most likely describe the view of the light and atmosphere argument presented in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Bernard states that interest in light effects 'was present' but identifies the challenge to subject matter hierarchy as the chief motivation, indicating she would view Gray's explanation as partially correct but not primary.
Why the others are wrong
BBernard proposes a different primary motivation, so she would not say Gray's interpretation reinforces her analysis.
CColor mixing techniques are not discussed in either text, making this an uncommitted detail.
DBernard acknowledges light effects interested the Impressionists, so she would not call Gray's view a complete misrepresentation.
Question 10Easy
Text 1
Literary critic Amanda White interprets the recurring mirror imagery in Virginia Woolf's novels as representing the fragmented nature of female identity in early twentieth-century society. She argues that Woolf used mirrors to show how women saw themselves through the distorting lens of social expectations.
Text 2
Scholar Robert Kim reads Woolf's mirror scenes as explorations of artistic perception and creativity. He suggests that mirrors in Woolf's work symbolize the writer's process of observing reality and transforming it into art through a reflective consciousness.
Based on the texts, the authors of both texts would most likely agree on which statement?
Show the answer and explanation
Why C is right
Both critics agree that Woolf's mirror imagery carries important symbolic meaning in her novels, even though White interprets it as being about female identity while Kim sees it as representing artistic consciousness. The common ground is that the imagery is symbolically significant.
Why the others are wrong
AThis reflects only White's interpretation. Kim argues that the mirrors symbolize artistic perception, not gender or social identity.
BKim specifically argues that mirrors relate to artistic representation, so this contradicts his position and cannot be common ground.
DBoth critics offer different interpretations of the mirror imagery, suggesting the symbolism is complex rather than unified in a single message.
Question 11Easy
**Text 1**
Economist Dr. Sarah Okonkwo has analyzed consumer behavior during economic recessions. Her research shows that during recessions, consumers consistently prioritize essential goods over luxury items, leading to predictable shifts in retail sector performance. This pattern holds across different cultures and economic systems, suggesting a universal response to economic uncertainty.
**Text 2**
Consumer responses to economic downturns vary considerably depending on demographic factors and previous economic experiences. While spending on some luxury categories does decline during recessions, certain luxury goods maintain steady sales among affluent consumers. Additionally, middle-income consumers sometimes increase spending on small luxuries as a form of psychological comfort. The picture is more complex than a simple essential-versus-luxury divide.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Text 2 argues that consumer responses vary by demographic and economic factors, notes that some luxury goods maintain sales, and mentions that middle-income consumers sometimes increase small luxury purchases. This indicates the author views the pattern as more complex than a consistent prioritization of essentials.
Why the others are wrong
BText 2 does not claim consumers increase luxury spending overall. The author notes some luxury categories maintain sales and some consumers buy small luxuries, but this is not a general increase.
CText 2 makes no reference to recession duration or any specific time periods. This adds a detail not present in the text.
DThis is too extreme. Text 2 acknowledges some patterns exist but argues they are more complex and variable, not that there are no patterns at all.
Question 12Easy
Text 1
Historian James Wheeler has examined the role of the printing press in the Protestant Reformation. His research indicates that the rapid spread of Martin Luther's ideas was made possible exclusively by printed pamphlets and books. Before the printing press, religious reform movements had remained localized and easily suppressed. Wheeler argues that without this technology, the Reformation would not have succeeded in challenging the Catholic Church's authority across Europe.
Text 2
The printing press certainly accelerated the spread of Reformation ideas, but other factors also contributed significantly. Personal networks of reformers, traveling preachers, and oral transmission of ideas through sermons all played important roles. Additionally, political and economic conditions in various regions created receptive audiences for reform messages. While printed materials were valuable tools, the Reformation's success depended on a combination of technological, social, and political factors working together.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 acknowledges the printing press accelerated the spread of ideas but argues that other factors like personal networks, preachers, and political conditions also contributed significantly. Choice B correctly reflects this view that printed materials were important but not exclusively responsible.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 calls printed materials valuable tools and does not claim other factors were more important, only that multiple factors worked together.
CText 2 mentions political and economic conditions as contributing factors but does not single out Germany or claim these were primary.
DText 2 explicitly states that the printing press accelerated the spread of ideas, so it does acknowledge meaningful impact.
Question 13Easy
Text 1
Botanist Dr. Sarah Kim claims that carnivorous plants evolved primarily as an adaptation to nitrogen-poor soils, as capturing insects provides essential nutrients unavailable through root absorption in their native habitats.
Text 2
Botanist Dr. James Liu asserts that while nutrient supplementation occurs, carnivorous plants evolved mainly to gain a competitive advantage in low-light environments, as the ability to obtain energy from insect prey reduces their dependence on photosynthesis in shaded wetland areas.
Based on the texts, how would Liu most likely describe the view of the nitrogen-poor soil argument presented in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Liu acknowledges nutrient supplementation occurs but argues low-light competition was the main evolutionary pressure, suggesting he would view Kim's nutrient focus as accurate but not the primary explanation.
Why the others are wrong
BClimate change and distribution patterns are not discussed in either text, making this an uncommitted detail.
CLiu acknowledges nutrient supplementation occurs, so he would not describe Kim's hypothesis as false or disproven.
DLiu proposes a different primary evolutionary pressure, so he would not say his research fully endorses Kim's argument.
Question 14Easy
Text 1
Economist Rachel Stein argues that remote work policies have reduced operating costs for technology companies. Her analysis shows that firms save substantially on office space, utilities, and maintenance expenses when employees work from home.
Text 2
Organizational psychologist Mark Russo contends that remote work has improved employee job satisfaction in the technology sector. His surveys reveal that workers value the flexibility to manage their own schedules and the elimination of lengthy commutes.
Based on the texts, the authors of both texts would most likely agree on which statement?
Show the answer and explanation
Why C is right
Both authors present evidence that remote work has generated significant effects in technology companies, though Stein focuses on cost savings while Russo emphasizes employee satisfaction. They agree that remote work has produced important changes in the sector.
Why the others are wrong
ABoth authors describe positive outcomes from remote work in their respective areas of focus, so they would not agree that the consequences have been negative.
BThis reflects only Stein's economic analysis. Russo focuses on employee satisfaction, not operating expenses, so this is not common ground.
DNeither author makes a prescriptive claim about what companies should do. They describe observed effects without recommending universal adoption.
Question 15Easy
Text 1
Historians have long debated the impact of the printing press on European society. Some scholars argue that the printing press was the single most important factor in spreading Reformation ideas across Europe in the early 1500s. Without the ability to mass-produce pamphlets and translations of the Bible, Martin Luther's challenges to the Catholic Church would have remained confined to a small academic audience.
Text 2
The printing press certainly facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas in sixteenth-century Europe. However, oral communication remained the primary means by which most people encountered new religious concepts. The majority of Europeans were illiterate, so printed materials were often read aloud in public spaces. Additionally, traveling preachers and local clergy played crucial roles in interpreting and disseminating Reformation theology to communities across the continent.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 acknowledges that the printing press facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas but emphasizes that oral communication, illiteracy rates, and the role of preachers meant that other factors were also crucial. This moderates Text 1's claim that the printing press was the single most important factor.
Why the others are wrong
AThis overstates Text 2's position. Text 2 explicitly states that the printing press 'certainly facilitated' the spread of ideas, so the author would not claim it had no meaningful impact.
CText 2 mentions that printed materials were read aloud but does not make any claim about Luther's specific intentions in designing his pamphlets.
DText 2 focuses on the sixteenth century and does not discuss what happened to the printing press's importance in later religious movements.
Question 16Easy
Text 1
The novels of Victorian author George Eliot are celebrated for their psychological depth and moral complexity. In Middlemarch, Eliot explores the inner lives of multiple characters with unprecedented sophistication. This focus on psychological realism represented a complete departure from earlier English novels, which had emphasized external action and plot over internal character development. Eliot's approach influenced generations of novelists who followed.
Text 2
George Eliot certainly advanced the psychological novel, but earlier English writers had already begun exploring characters' inner lives. Jane Austen's novels from decades earlier featured detailed examinations of her characters' thoughts and motivations. While Eliot may have deepened and expanded this approach, the attention to psychological interiority was an evolving trend in English fiction rather than a sudden innovation. Eliot built upon foundations laid by her predecessors.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 argues that psychological realism in English fiction was an evolving trend rather than Eliot's complete departure from earlier works. Text 2 cites Austen as an earlier example while acknowledging Eliot deepened the approach. Choice B accurately captures this view of continuity rather than rupture.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 states Eliot deepened and expanded the psychological approach, which suggests Eliot's work was more sophisticated, not less so than Austen's.
CText 2 does not suggest Eliot returned to earlier approaches; it argues she built on earlier psychological explorations.
DText 2 does not mention similar character types between the two authors, only that both explored psychological interiority.
Question 17Easy
Text 1
Geologist Dr. Maria Santos argues that the formation of the Grand Canyon was driven primarily by the erosive action of the Colorado River, as flowing water gradually carved through layers of rock over millions of years.
Text 2
Geologist Dr. William Park contends that while river erosion contributed to canyon development, the Grand Canyon's formation was chiefly caused by tectonic uplift of the Colorado Plateau, as rising landmasses created the elevation differences necessary for rapid downcutting to occur.
Based on the texts, how would Park most likely describe the view of the river erosion argument presented in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Park states river erosion 'contributed' but argues tectonic uplift was the chief cause creating necessary conditions, indicating he would view Santos's erosion focus as real but missing the primary enabling factor.
Why the others are wrong
BPark proposes a different chief cause, so he would not say Santos's explanation is one his research strongly supports.
CGlacial activity is not mentioned in either text, making it an uncommitted detail.
DPark acknowledges river erosion contributed to canyon development, so he would not call Santos's model completely inaccurate.
Question 18Easy
Text 1
Musicologist Jennifer Park argues that jazz improvisation in the 1950s was influenced by the bebop movement of the previous decade. Musicians built upon the complex harmonic structures and rapid tempos that bebop pioneers had introduced.
Text 2
Music historian Carlos Ruiz contends that 1950s jazz improvisation reflected the influence of blues traditions. He notes that improvisers frequently incorporated blues scales and emotional expressiveness rooted in earlier African American musical forms.
Based on the texts, the authors of both texts would most likely agree on which statement?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Both authors agree that 1950s jazz improvisation was shaped by earlier musical developments, though Park emphasizes bebop influence while Ruiz focuses on blues traditions. The common ground is that improvisers drew on prior forms.
Why the others are wrong
BThis makes a comparative judgment that neither author provides. They focus on different influences without ranking their relative importance.
CNeither author discusses the relationship between blues and bebop, so this cannot be a point of agreement.
DBoth authors argue that 1950s improvisation was influenced by earlier music, which contradicts the idea of a complete break from previous styles.
Question 19Easy
Text 1
Literary scholar Patricia Newman analyzed the poetry of Emily Dickinson and identified distinctive patterns in her use of punctuation. Dickinson's frequent use of dashes served primarily to indicate pauses for dramatic effect when reading the poems aloud. This technique was common among nineteenth-century poets who composed with oral performance in mind.
Text 2
Professor Michael Chen examined Dickinson's manuscripts and correspondence. He found that Dickinson rarely gave public readings and expressed discomfort with the idea of performance. Chen argues that her dashes functioned as a visual notation system that created multiple possible interpretations of her poems. The dashes allowed readers to construct meaning in different ways, reflecting Dickinson's interest in ambiguity and her desire to engage readers as active participants in creating significance.
Based on the texts, how would Chen (Text 2) most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why A is right
Chen argues that Dickinson's dashes functioned as a visual notation system for creating interpretive flexibility, which extends beyond the oral performance purpose suggested in Text 1. His evidence about her discomfort with performance also challenges that explanation.
Why the others are wrong
BChen notes Dickinson's discomfort with public performance but does not claim she never intended oral reading under any circumstances. This is too absolute.
CChen examined Dickinson's manuscripts and found the dashes there. He does not attribute them to later editors.
DText 1 presents dramatic pauses as the primary purpose, so Chen would not agree this was the function, even if insignificant. He offers an alternative explanation, not a modification of Text 1's claim.
Question 20Easy
Text 1
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s revolutionized European society. By making books affordable and widely available, the printing press directly caused the Protestant Reformation, as Martin Luther's critiques of the Catholic Church could rapidly spread throughout Europe.
Text 2
The printing press certainly facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas after 1517, when Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses. However, the Reformation emerged from a complex set of circumstances including widespread dissatisfaction with church corruption, the rise of humanism, and growing national identities that conflicted with papal authority. The printing press amplified these existing tensions rather than creating them. Moreover, the Catholic Church also used printing effectively to distribute its own responses and maintain its influence in many regions.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
Show the answer and explanation
Why B is right
Text 2 acknowledges that the printing press facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas but emphasizes that the Reformation emerged from multiple complex circumstances. The author states the press amplified existing tensions rather than directly causing the Reformation.
Why the others are wrong
AText 2 explicitly states that the printing press facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas, so the author would not dismiss its impact entirely.
CText 2 does not limit the printing press's influence to specific geographic regions or make such a geographic distinction.
DText 2 describes the printing press as having facilitated the spread of ideas and amplified tensions, indicating more than a slight influence.
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